-sectional survey data from the Latinobarómetro, we analyze whether and how growing amounts of exports, foreign aid, and foreign direct … run instrumental-variables regressions by exploiting exogenous variation in the supply of Chinese exports, aid, and …

patterns of Beijing’s so-called “mask diplomacy” and “vaccine diplomacy” compared to China’s pre-pandemic aid exports. First …, we find that China’s average monthly aid exports to Africa did not increase after the pandemic outbreak (in contrast to … significant shifts in the cross-country distribution of Chinese aid exports, creating both so-called aid darlings (e.g., Ethiopia …