. -- Multinationals ; backward spillovers ; productivity spillovers …

. -- Multinationals ; backward spillovers ; productivity spillovers …

in the early 1990s. This positive effect, however, is fully captured by productivity, once controlling for TFP in our … in the early 1990s. This positive effect, however, is fully captured by productivity, once controlling for TFP in our …

in the early 1990s. This positive effect, however, is fully captured by productivity, once controlling for TFP in our …

This paper analyzes the horizontal productivity effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) from industrialized and … developing countries in 10 sub-Saharan African countries. We establish a unique data set by combining data from the World Bank …, and North Africa. We find strong evidence of horizontal productivity spillovers to domestic firms derived from foreign …