We introduce and study two new concepts which are essential for the quantitative analysis of the statistical quality of the available galaxy samples. These are the dilution effect and the small scale fluctuations. We show that the various data that are considered as pointing to a homogenous...

The availability of data corresponding to the products exported by all countries provides an excellent dataset to test economic ideas and extracts new information about the process of economic development. The matrix of countries and exported products shows a marked triangular structure instead...