This paper explores the role of energy resources in Russia. We offer a more inclusive definition of oil and gas rents than is traditionally given and analyze how the mechanisms for distributing those rents have changed over time. We show how fluctuations in the level of rents have played a key...

We analyze the process of restructuring in Russia. The Russian economy is bifurcating as some enterprises restructure and reduce the distance to the market, while other enterprises exploit relationship capital to survive without restructuring. Survival in this environment depends on initial...

We analyze the process of restructuring in Russia. The Russian economy is bifurcating as some enterprises restructure and reduce the distance to the market, while other enterprises exploit relationship capital to survive without restructuring. Survival in this environment depends on initial...

The hybrid system that the Russian transition has evolved into has been called the virtual economy. This paper analyzes the evolution of the virtual economy. We pay particular attention to the interaction of economic reform policies and the adaptive behavior of enterprise directors. We then...