This paper examines if trade credit is as a substitute and/or a complement to bank credit in order to assess the existence of credit rationing. Using a panel dataset of 468 and 7019 Portuguese and Spanish small medium size enterprises for the period 1998-2006, and controlling for endogeneity...

To assess the existence of credit rationing, we examine if trade credit is a substitute and/or a complement to bank credit. Using a data set of Portuguese and Spanish small and medium sized enterprises, and controlling for endogeneity problems by using GMM estimators, our results confirm the...