It is frequently contended that as for research and development (R&D), the scientific basis of innovation, Japan has been a freerider with respect to the international community. It is generally accepted, both within and outside the country, that, be that as it may, Japan as an important...

This paper is about (research) alliances among companies as a strategy to overcome Japan's weakness in basic R&D. New biotechnology is selected as an interesting case in point. Does co-operation in the field of biotechnology primarily aim at gaining access to scientific resources and commercial...