European Community law has played a pivotal role in opening to competition economic sectors previously under the control of public monopolies. As with other sectors such as telecommunications, air transport, electricity, gas, and rail, the postal sector has succumbed to the wave of...

This paper reviews the various areas of tension between competition and environmental protection. It examines the compatibility with EC competition rules of the environmental agreements, certain behaviours of dominant undertakings carrying out environmental activities, the exclusive rights...

On 15 October 2014, the European Commission adopted a decision finding that Slovak Telekom breached Article 102 TFEU for its refusal to provide unbundled access to its local loops, as well as its margin squeeze of alternative operators in the provision of unbundled access to its local loops. On...

Uber's arrival in Europe has generated massive demonstrations by taxi drivers and a number of court judgments banning or restricting Uber's services on the ground that the company engaged in “unfair competition”. Uber and other online-enabled car transportation services to connect passengers...

Over the last ten years, the European Commission has been trying to increase competition in the postal sector. In order to achieve this goal, as well as other objectives such as the enhancement of the quality of postal services in the EU and the maintenance of universal service, the Commission...

Many competition lawyers and economists argue that the prime of objective of competition law regimes is to promote economic efficiency. Yet, few of these regimes define what should be understood by economic efficiency. For instance, although this concept is referred to in an increasingly larger...

While the digital revolution has brought massive benefits for consumers and the society at large, the digital economy has seen the rise of a handful of technology firms wielding unprecedented market power. Most jurisdictions have tried to respond to this challenge by having recourse to antitrust...

Access to the network is one of the key tools used by regulators to stimulate competition in network industries. For instance, incumbents in the telecommunications sector, in the European Union and elsewhere, are typically mandated to grant access to their network to their rivals. Third-party...

The creation of a growing number of agencies at the EU level is one of the most significant developments in the administrative structure of the EU. These agencies play a useful role as they allow the Commission to decentralize a number of scientific, technical, or observatory functions to...