and sanitation outcomes, taking also into account the institutions related to public service delivery, including freedom … negatively associated. Aid volatility is associated with better outcomes in sanitation, water and infant mortality, contrary to …

combining these financing mechanisms. We draw on a cluster RCT in rural India of a sanitation labelled microcredit program …, implemented by chance around the onset of a large sanitation policy comprising partial subsidies - Swacch Bharat or 'Clean India …, we provide rigorous evidence of the impacts of labelled microcredit on household sanitation investment and borrowing …