During the early years of transition output fell dramatically in almost all transitioneconomies. However, the Uzbek experience was an exception to this rule. Outputfell only slightly, soon to be followed by small but positive and persistent economicgrowth. This extraordinary performance, known...

This thesis studies the Chinese banks’ credit risk assessment using the Post Keynesian approach. We argue that bank loans are the major financial sources in emerging economies and it is uncertainty, an unquantifiable risk, rather than asymmetric information about quantifiable risk, as held by...

The purpose of the paper is to explore the potential for applying fuzzy logic to economic decision-making under Keynesian uncertainty, and in particular to circumstances where variety of opinion is important. Fuzzy logic is shown to apply where expectations may differ because the nature of the...

Credit shortages are widely thought to explain the output contraction in former Soviet Union (FSU) countries during the 1990s. It is argued here that these shortages were the result of an ahistorical approach to policymaking which ignored the time needed for the establishment and further...