Purpose This study aims to understand how the institutional and populational characteristics of a Brazilian city, that is, size, gross domestic product (GDP), life expectancy, education, violence and amount of workers benefiting from PAT (Workers’ Food Program) bias the agglomeration of...

When units belong to a specific group, such as employees nested within companies, the data present a hierarchical structure that can be modeled by using mixed models. In addition to fixed effects, these models estimate the random effects for each group. The problem of assigning values to the...