This article examines the determinants of private-sector bribes, focusing on the relative effectiveness of anti-corruption … policies. Using survey data on Croatian firms, results show that, of the different anti-corruption policies (including internal … in corruption among themselves to strategically counter perceived bureaucratic power. In other findings, male employees …

whistleblower laws and provisions, focusing on the United States. Placing the analysis within the larger corruption literature, our … results show that greater whistleblower awareness results in more observed corruption, and this holds across specifications …. Internet awareness of whistleblower laws appears to be more effective at exposing corruption than the quantity and quality of …

This paper examines determinants of corruption across Russian regions. Key contributions include: (i) a formal study of … economic corruption determinants across Russian regions; (ii) comparisons of determinants of perceived corruption versus those … of actual corruption; and (iii) studying the influence of market competition and other factors on corruption. The results …

This paper examines the effects of different competitions for favors on the prevalence and perceptions of corruption … both perceived and actual corruption, competition among enterprises only increases corruption perceptions, while … competition among government employees increases actual, but not perceived, corruption. Privatization activity and unemployment …