mortality and fertility are not the reasons. Rather, we argue that the sharp reduction in infectious disease in the early … twentieth century played a role. The primary reason is that those who survive most infectious diseases carry a health burden …

? They have not. We ask when and why the female advantage emerged. We show that reductions in maternal mortality and … played a role. The primary reason is that those who survive most infectious diseases carry a health burden that affects …

How did industrialization in the nineteenth century affect the well-being of children among American working class … working in the industries examined did not, it appears, compensate their children for the reduced future earnings implied by …

How did industrialization in the nineteenth century affect the well-being of children among American working class … working in the industries examined did not, it appears, compensate their children for the reduced future earnings implied by …