The distinction between transitory or permanent shocks to energy consumption is important not only for researchers but also for policymakers, financial investors, and business owners. This paper tests the stationarity of the electricity consumption of five main sectors (residential, public...

Given the importance of firm strategic management in time of crises, this study investigates Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) survival strategies during the international sanctions against Iran. Using data from a questionnaire of 486 firms between December 2019 to September 2020, we...

This study examines the relationship between access to finance and growth in sales for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Iran. Using data from 486 firms in five provinces, our findings indicate that external financing positively impacts sales growth for MSMEs. The results suggest...

During recent years, the long-run relationship between the unemployment rate and the labor force participation rate has been examined in depth in developed and developing economies. This paper explores this relationship for Iranian women in 31 provinces from 2005Q2 to 2019Q1. Using the time...