The ECB is formally independent of instructions from any government. During and after the financial crisis and the acute sovereign debt crisis in the euro area, the ECB has used new instruments and has taken on new tasks and responsibilities. This has led to discussions about the independence of...

This article retraces how financial stability considerations interacted with US monetary policy before and during the Great Recession. Using text-mining techniques, this article innovates by constructing indicators for financial stability sentiment expressed during testimonies of five Federal...