This study investigates the returns to R&D for 100 new drugs introduced into the United States during the decade of the 1970s. In contrast to prior studies, it incorporates several significant structural changes that have occurred in the pharmaceutical industry during the 1980s. These include...

IN 1984, Congress enacted a new law that greatly affected the economicsof the pharmaceutical industry in the United States. It has been characterizedas the most important legislation affecting competition in the pharmaceuticalindustry since the 1962 Kefauver-Harris Amendments to theFood and Drug...

The pharmaceutical industry has been among the most innovative while being one of the most highly regulated industries in the United States. Government regulation of pharmaceutical product quality started in 19061 and has evolved into a stringent system of premarket controls over new drug...

This paper examines the rationale for intellectual property protection in the development of new pharmaceutical products. Prior survey studies of R&D executives have found that patents play a more critical role in appropriating the benefits of innovation in pharmaceuticals compared to other high...

We develop a simultaneous equations estimation framework to understand the interactions among generic entry, prices, and market shares. We base our estimates on a panel data sample of 40 brand-name drugs that first experienced generic competition during the period July 1992-January 1998. We find...

Since the late 1970s, pharmaceutical R&D has grown at a rapid rate relative to sales and other variables. In this paper, we examine the determinants of pharmaceutical R&D using a pooled data sample of 11 major drug firms over the period 1974 to 1994. We find that expected returns and cash flows...

Although a number of studies have shown seat belts to be highly effective in the prevention of death and injuries, they are used by less than 20% of automobile occupants. This low utilization has led to the present regulation that beginning in 1982 new cars must be equipped with a passive...