For the past eight years, Vietnam has steadily expanded and strengthened its legislative protections of privacy in relation to e-commerce, and in consumer transactions generally. Government Decree 52 of May 16, 2013 on e-commerce (Decree No. 52/2013/ND-CP), which took effect on July 1, 2013,...

Australia's conservative coalition agreed to introduce a mandatory data breach notification (MDBN) scheme, as part of the political trade-off to obtain parliamentary passage of its data retention law in 2015, and as recommended by a Parliamentary Joint. MDBN legislation had previously been...

Part I of this article analyses the views of learned commentators on what constitutes the ‘independence’ of data protection authorities (DPAs). It concluded that a more satisfactory answer needed to be found in the international instruments on data privacy and on human rights bodies, their...

This article analyses the global growth of data privacy (‘data protection’) laws over 40 years from a number of perspectives. After outlining the extent of global expansion, the influence of international agreements concerning privacy is identified as one reason for their relative...

Nearly a quarter of a century after data privacy laws (or as the Europeans say, ‘data protection’) first appeared in Asia and the Pacific, the year 2011 is developing as a watershed year. The past year to July 2011 has seen more dramatic developments in the expansion of data protection laws...