In this article, we are investigating the effects of macroeconomic variables in terms of natural logarithmic yearly returns of general government revenues and general government total expenditures of Greece. We have applied a Vector Error Correction model, (VEC) a Granger causality and Johansen...

The multiplier effect of rise in incomes and employment is in equilibrium in a free market economy when total injections, (J), equal total withdrawals, (W). When injections do not equal withdrawals, then, there is disequilibrium in the economy. Withdrawals consist of net saving, net taxes and...

According to the IMF subject information, output gap for advanced economies and specifically Greece is calculated as the actual GDP less the potential GDP divided by the potential GDP and expressed as a percentage. Divergence or difference between actual and potential output is known as output...

Credit derivative swap of the Greek market is a financial instrument the value of which is derived from an underlying market value incorporating the credit risk of a bond or a loan. They are used to hedge, to speculate on the spreads through arbitrage. The premium that is incorporated in the...

The business cycle may be caused due to changes in monetary policy of interest rates, fiscal policy, changes in real wages, consumers and suppliers confidence of demand and supply and inventory cycles. This article examines and eliminates time lags and bandwagon effects in the business cycle of...

This article measures the total government indebtedness, total investment and gross national savings of Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, (GIPS). Using data from the International Monetary Fund, IMF, we describe the current situation for the period 2000 to 2018. Macroeconomic indicators such...

In this article, we analyze the effects of the spread risk in terms of basis points from changes in the market prices of callable bond future due to credit risk. Due to the fact that fixed – income securities are debt that is issued and transferred between two parties there is significant...

The insurance industry is an important contributor to the economy, a major employer and a significant source of overseas earnings. Insurance industry helps businesses to protect themselves from risk and provides a wide range of services to people. In this article, we measure technical,...

Several theories attempt to make sense of the closed-end funds discounts within a rational framework such as those by Malkiel, (1977,1995), Barclay, Holderness and Pontiff (1993), Kumar and Nornoha (1992), Pontiff (1996), Chen, Kan and Miller (1993), Chopra, lee, Shleifer and Thaler (1993),...