Granger causality tests. We use annual South African data on real exports and real gross domestic product from 1911-2011. The … linear Granger causality result shows no evidence of significant causality between exports and GDP. The relevant VAR is … unstable, which undermines our confidence in the causality result identified by the linear Granger causality test. Accordingly …

different since many factors can affect the existence and direction of this causality. This paper looks at a bivariate VAR and … takes into consideration any instability in the model using bootstrap rolling Granger non-causality tests. Full …-sample Granger causality tests report no causal relationship between the two variables. Moreover, parameter stability tests detect …

constant relationship through the years, we use bootstrapped Granger non-causality tests with fixed-size rolling-window to … analyze time-varying causal links between two series. Instead of just performing causality tests on the full sample which … assumes a single causality relationship, we also perform Granger causality tests on the rolling sub-samples with a fixed …

Granger causality tests. We use annual South African data on real exports and real gross domestic product from 1911-2011. The … linear Granger causality result shows no evidence of significant causality between exports and GDP. The relevant VAR is … unstable, which undermines our confidence in the causality result identified by linear Granger causality tests. Accordingly we …

, the causality between consumption and both forms of wealth is bi-directional in the long-run, which contrasts the … unidirectional causality running from wealth to consumption in the short run. …

autoregressive distributed lag specification that also accommodates for error-correction. Results from Granger-causality tests reveal … the existence of a bi-directional causality between real house prices and real per capita personal income over both long …