The incidence of working for earnings beyond the normal pension age of 55 for females and 60 for males in urban China … healthy, and having a higher education level. It is negatively associated with age, the scale of pension, and, in urban China …, being female. We find that seniors in urban Russia are more likely to work for earnings than their counterparts in China …

In China hukou (the household registration system) imposes barriers on permanent migration from rural to urban areas … counterparts left behind in rural China. The probability of becoming a permanent migrant is positively related to parental …

While some workers in China attain senior professional level and senior cadre level status (Chuzhang and above), others … and western China for 1995 and 2002. For 2002, persons of high rank make up 3 percent and persons of middle rank make up …

Poverty among ethnic minorities and the majority in rural China for the years 2000, 2001 and 2002 is investigated … proportion among the ethnic majority was only about half as high. Still, by far most of the poor in rural China belong to the … ethnic majority. The relatively high poverty rates for ethnic minorities in rural China are found to be due to higher rates …

This paper investigates how ethnic minorities in rural China are faring compared with the ethnic majority. The village … is the unit of analysis and large surveys for 2002 are used. Minority villages in northeast China are found to have a …

Since the second half of the 1990s economic restructuring in urban China has led to widespread joblessness and income … survey covering large parts of urban China in 2002, we investigate factors affecting receipt and how receipt affects urban … while having been sent to rural China during the Cultural Revolution increases it. For some types of households, receipt of …

Chapter from: 'Rising Inequality in China: Challenge to a Harmonious Society', edited by Shi Li, Hiroshi Sato and Terry …