We analyze the evolution of the exchange rate with Dollar, real output and foreign trade balance in Spain, during the period 1970-2009. We present the estimation of en econometric model that related output growth and real exchange rate with other variables. Applying the monetary policy reaction...

This paper finds that except for Poland, the other six countries possess moderate or significant monetary autonomy in the long run as their interest rates make partial or small adjustments to a change in the Euro area interest rate. Except for the Czech Republic and Poland, the findings support...

This paper finds evidence of the trilemma for Bulgaria, suggesting that exchange rate stability, monetary independence and free capital mobility are binding and constrained. The policy combination of exchange rate stability and monetary independence has been prevalent. More exchange rate...

This study examines the bank lending channel for Hungary based on a simultaneous-equation model consisting of the demand for and supply of bank loans. The three-stage least squares method is applied. This paper finds evidence of a bank lending channel for Hungary. Expansionary monetary policy...

Applying the GARCH model, this paper finds that the Czech stock market index is positively associated with real GDP and the German and US stock market indexes, is negatively influenced by the ratio of government borrowing to GDP, the domestic real interest rate, the CZK/USD exchange rate, the...

Applying and extending the Mundell-Fleming model, this study attempts to examine the behavior of short-term real exchange rates for Venezuela. It finds that the real effective exchange rate is positively associated with real government deficit spending and negatively influenced by real M2, the...