Formal enforcement actions issued against banks for violations of laws and regulations related to safety and soundness … enforcement actions issued against U.S. banks, we show that they have a strong negative effect on price terms (loan spreads and … been much higher, while punished banks intensify use of collateral …

Do banks use credit default swap hedging to substitute for loan sales? By tracking banks' lending exposures and CDS … positions on individual firms, we find that banks use CDS hedging to complement rather than to substitute for loan sales …. Consequently, bank loan sales are higher for firms that are actively traded in the CDS market. In addition, we find evidence that …

Banks play a unique role in society. They not only maximize profits but also consider the interests of stakeholders. We … investigate whether banks consider firms’ pollution records in their lending decisions. The evidence shows that banks offer … governance. Further, the results show that banks with higher social responsibility account for their borrowers’ environmental …

We investigate the impact of going-concern opinions on price and non-price terms of bank loans. We argue that the … the issuance of these opinions, banks impose more stringent requirements on borrowers. Based on a sample of financially … distressed companies during 2000–2010, we find that the existence of going-concern opinions gives rise to the denial rate of bank …