that derives a bank’s safety-oriented culture from its business model. We provide several validation tests to confirm that …In this study, we investigate the effects of bank safety-oriented culture on loan contracts. We propose a new measure … our measure can represent the safety-oriented culture of banks. Our empirical results show that banks with a safety …

Formal enforcement actions issued against banks for violations of laws and regulations related to safety and soundness … enforcement actions issued against U.S. banks, we show that they have a strong negative effect on price terms (loan spreads and … been much higher, while punished banks intensify use of collateral …

that the cost of bank loans is significantly higher for firms headquartered in states with greater local product market … competition. We find that the cost of bank loans is lower for firms facing less intense local product market competition after the … adoption of IDD and higher for firms relocated to states with more competitive product markets. The results imply that banks …

volatility, we find that firms with high stock price fragility pay higher bank loan costs than firms with low fragility. This …