This paper empirically investigates two dimensions of changes in firm behavior and performance before and after foreign direct investment (FDI). The first dimension is the difference between vertical and horizontal FDI. The second dimension is the effect of outward FDI on firms’ production and...

This paper empirically investigates two areas of changes in firm behavior and performance at home before and after investing abroad. The first is the type of foreign direct investment (FDI): horizontal FDI or vertical FDI. The second is the firm's domestic activities of interest: production...

Focusing on firms from the electrical machinery and electronics industry, this paper investigates the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on home productivity using activity-level data rather than, as most previous studies have done, firm-level data. Distinguishing between horizontal and...