endowments and investments (education and smoking in pregnancy) on the probability of having a baby who is small for gestational … maternal education and smoking in pregnancy, and investigate whether women endowed with different traits have different returns … mainly operate by changing maternal smoking, and that the physical fitness of the mother has a direct, "biological" effect on …

endowments and investments (education and smoking in pregnancy) on the probability of having a baby who is small for gestational … maternal education and smoking in pregnancy, and investigate whether women endowed with different traits have different returns … mainly operate by changing maternal smoking, and that the physical fitness of the mother has a direct, "biological" effect on …

. We show that education causally reduces smoking. A counterfactual experiment finds that in absence of cigarettes, college …