The scientific community is engaged in an active debate on the value of its peer-review system. Does peer review actually serve the role we envision for it--that of helping government agencies predict what ideas have the best chance of contributing to scientific advancement? Many federal...

The Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award (NRSA) program is a major research training program administered by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) with funds appropriated each year by Congress. This study examines the impact of NRSA postdoctoral fellowships on subsequent...