that national differences of the pass-through speed in the EU can be regarded as a retail-oriented indicator of financial …

like the EU deficit limits. The econometric results indicate that the decline is largely due to two developments: First to … privatisation process nor EU deficit restrictions of the Maastricht Treaty can explain the decline. …

Do High-Skilled Third-Country (i.e. Non-EU) Migrants Contribute to Productivity Growth? In order to foster innovation … 13 old EU Member States and examines the role of high-skilled third-country (HS-TC) migrants for innovation – as captured …-TC migrants are relatively less productive than HS EU migrants. Results for selected individual industries are more mixed, with …

limited sanctions response, particularly from the EU, while a full invasion would entail major sanctions from the West as a … the EU -is unlikely given the sizeable negative impact it would have on both sides. Aside from energy, the most painful … accelerate EU moves towards energy diversification away from Russia. However, the economic impact of this on Russia will be …

Migration from Africa and the Middle East to the EU has intensified over the last two decades. Relative differences … between developed EU and less developed African and Middle East countries have not declined that much and continue to drive … mobility. Also, demographic trends show a strong contrast between the population of the EU (ageing and shrinking rapidly) and …