The authors theoretically analyze the efficiency of liquidity flows in stabilizing distressed markets. Their analysis focuses on the incentives for financial institutions; specifically, they focus on arbitrage profit as an incentive and liquidity risk as a disincentive. The authors show that...

We study options market participants’ trading behavior before and after the options multiplier increases. After the options multiplier increases, the options market becomes more efficient. By analyzing the high-frequency microstructure dataset, we show that local retail and local institutional...