truth. But such a understandings pose serious questions, among them: if models are false, how is it that they are so useful …, useful only to the degree that they are instruments for stating truth. The confusion arises from a failure to understand how …

truth. But such a understandings pose serious questions, among them: if models are false, how is it that they are so useful …, useful only to the degree that they are instruments for stating truth. The confusion arises from a failure to understand how …

Econometricians tend to hold simultaneously two views in tension with each other: an apparent anti-realism that holds … that all models are false and at best useful constructs or approximations to true models and an apparent realism that … Giere’s perspectival realism. Perspectival realism can itself be seen as a species of pragmatism, as that term is understood …