highly, but only when winners earn visible rewards through approval. The evidence implies that approvalÕs value is tied to … signaling motives. Our findings point to new institutions that rely on reward, rather than punishment, to efficiently promote …

highly, but only when winners earn visible rewards through approval. The evidence implies that approval's value is tied to … signaling motives. Our findings point to new institutions that rely on reward, rather than punishment, to efficiently promote …

Evolutionary theory reveals that punishment is effective in promoting cooperation and maintaining social norms …. Although it is accepted that emotions are connected to punishment decisions, there remains substantial debate over why humans … use costly punishment. Here we show experimentally that constraints on emotion expression can increase the use of costly …

Inequality aversion is a key motive for punishment, with many prominent studies suggesting people use punishment to … reduce or eliminate inequality. Punishment in laboratory games, however, is nearly always designed to promote equality (e ….g., rejections in standard ultimatum games) and the marginal cost of punishment is typically non-trivially positive. As a consequence …