There are three basic approaches to mitigating this risk; namely, institutional instruments that limit the possibility of government opportunism, financial instruments that decrease financial risk, and investment strategies, such as choosing technologies that may not be cost-minimizing but that...

In this article we describe steps that governments and investors can take to mitigate regulatory risk. Such risk mitigation applies a set of institutional and financial instruments to make risks and rewards commensurate with each other, promoting efficient investment. Managers and investors are...

Most electric utilities still rely on “dumb grid” technology to meet and manage load. Yet the passage of the federal Energy Policy Act of 2005 and the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) has provided greater visibility for smart meters, an essential component of smart grid...