Time discounting suggests that people devalue future outcomes, such that they value the objectively same amount of benefit more if it occurs sooner, rather than later in time. However, receiving future benefits is often the outcome of achieving specific goals. Until such goals have been...

Inconsistency in consumer time preferences has been well-established and used to explain seemingly short-sighted behaviors (e.g., failures of self-control). However, prior research has conflated time-inconsistent preferences (discount rates that vary over time) with present bias (greater...