"Substandard and counterfeit drugs represent a global public health crisis. However, there is little economic analysis … of the pharmacy, but none of these signals can perfectly identify substandard and counterfeit drugs. Indeed, many cheaper … counterfeit entry into the market. One way to counter this effect is directly providing better information about drug quality …

as "counterfeit") or because they contain a non-zero but incorrect amount of the right active ingredient (referred to as … counterfeit. This suggests that registered products are more likely to be targeted by counterfeiters. Furthermore, substandard …

signals can perfectly identify substandard and counterfeit drugs. Indeed, many cheaper non-innovator products pass all quality …

likely to indicate counterfeit. This suggests that registered products are more likely to be targeted by counterfeiters … as "counterfeit") or because they contain a non-zero but incorrect amount of the right active ingredient (referred to as …