Future electricity systems with tight constraints on carbon emissions will rely much more on wind and solar generation … demand response, long-duration energy storage, dispatchable low-carbon generation, or a robust market for hydrogen for non-electricity …-wide electrification, the marginal retail price of electricity should be low whenever the wholesale price is low. With automated control of …

electricity (MVEs) and more hours of relatively high MVEs, than today. This result stems from the shift away from systems … earn most of their revenues on sales in a handful of hours. To minimize the cost of electricity and to encourage cost …-effective economy-wide decarbonization, economic theory prescribes that wholesale and retail prices of electricity should equal MVEs …