The focus of this book is to develop a plausible basis for reasoning in situations involving incomplete-partial information and developing principles and procedures for learning or recovering information from a sample of economic data. The book starts with the specification and analysis of the...

Although economic processes and systems are in general simple in nature, the underlying dynamics are complicated and seldom understood. Recognizing this, in this paper we use a nonstationary-conditional Markov process model of observed aggregate data to learn about and recover causal influence...