- better cushions the poverty effects of income shocks in a developing economy. We compare the effectiveness of the three … benefit schemes on poverty first conceptually and then by considering two different crisis scenarios, the COVID-19 pandemic … the proxy-means-tested benefits are the most effective in reducing the poverty gap index, a simple categorical benefit is …

In an economy with migration, poverty changes are composed of a number of forces, including the income gains and losses … measure the contributions of different migration streams to overall poverty change. An application to Tanzania shows the new … insights that are provided - in particular on the role of migration to secondary towns in poverty reduction. …