low female employment regime. Family size is instrumented using twinning and gender composition of the first two children … to be -7.1 percentage points. However, we find no effect of additional children on female employment among families with …

environments across the two areas, we find remarkably consistent results: in families with two or more children, second-born boys … the evidence rules out differences in health at birth and the quality of schools chosen for children. We do find that …