Mountainous hinterland in rural Nepal lacks fundamental social infrastructure. Lack of electricity causes difficulty of water provision, especially in mountainous area where villagers, especially ladies, youths and children, often spends large amount of time just to convey water. To overcome...

This paper quantitatively examines evidences on expenditure growth in Laos between 1997 and 2008 using the 1997 and 2008 Lao Expenditure and Consumption Survey data (LECS2 and LECS4). Results show that real per-capita expenditure of Lao PDR has increased by 802% during the period. Disaggregating...

Mountainous hinterland in rural Nepal lacks fundamental social infrastructure. Lack of electricity causes difficulty of water provision, especially in mountainous area where villagers, especially ladies, youths and children, often spends large amount of time just to convey water. To overcome...

This paper examines the validity of the commonly accepted paradigm that tariffs discourage imports in Indonesia. Specifically, this paper investigates the effect of tariffs on imports by industry using six-digit sectoral trade data for the 2001-2012 period. We also measure the welfare cost of a...