: the number of physicians in the physician's group (if any); the physician's integration with or employment by a hospital … or hospital system; and the average age of the other physicians in the physician's group. We present three key findings …. First, all else held constant, group physicians prescribe far fewer opioids, and prescribe them more appropriately, than do …

System survey, we present four findings. First, physicians from states enacting liability reforms that directly reduce …. Second, physicians from reforming states report significant relative declines in the perceived impact of malpractice pressure … on practice patterns. Third, individual physicians' personal experiences with the malpractice system are a key …