This study proposes an optimal model to design and simulate the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) systems. The purpose of this paper is to present an improved version of seagull optimization algorithm for optimal parameter identification of the PEMFC stacks. The new algorithm uses the...

Recently, the application of the proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is extensively increasing as a popular renewable energy source. PEMFCs need low temperature for the operation along with high power density and easy implementation ability. These characteristics turned them into the...