corruption and confidence in public institutions. This suggests an important channel through which corruption can inhibit … in part a causal effect from corruption to confidence. The authors also show that individuals with low confidence in …

A potential concern with survey-based data on corruption is that respondents may not be fully candid in their responses … proportion of reticent respondents varies across groups of interest, comparisons of reported corruption across those groups can …

Control of Corruption. The aggregate indicators are based on several hundred individual underlying variables, taken from a …

Estimates of the extent of corruption rely largely on self-reports of individuals, business managers, and government … legal stigma are attached, implying a downward bias in survey-based estimates of corruption. This paper develops a method to … estimate the prevalence of reticent behavior, in order to isolate rates of corruption that fully reflect respondent reticence …