This paper sets up a model of private consumption for selected EU countries with special emphasis on the impact of energy efficiency on energy demand. The analysis starts out from the idea that consumers' demand is a combination of a demand for "services" with a technological component. Demand...

This paper deals with integrating elements of a bottom-up model of energy demand into a top-down model of total private consumption. The bottom-up elements are represented by the energy efficiency embodied in household appliances. The top-down model describes demand for energy and non-energy...

This paper deals with energy saving technical change in U.S. households' energy demand. The framework applied represents a model of demand for non-durables taking into account the durable stock and 'services' (heating/lighting and transport) that result from energy use. Embodied technical change...