education they receive. School enrollment rates have increased dramatically in developing counties since 1960, but many children …About 80% of the world's children live in developing countries. Their well-being as adults depends heavily on the … still leave school at a young age and often learn little while in school. This chapter reviews recent research on the impact …

distributes school uniforms to children in poor communities. The Nongovernmental organization (NGO) used a lottery to determine … instrumental variable to identify the impact of receiving a uniform. The authors find that giving a school uniform significantly … reduces school absenteeism by 38 percent. Effects are much larger for poorer students who did not previously own a uniform: a …

taught by locally-hired contract teachers. One reason may be that contract teachers had low absence rates, while centrally …-hired civil-service teachers in schools randomly assigned PTA contract teachers endogenously reduced their effort. Civil …-service teachers also captured rents for their families, with approximately 1/3 of contract teacher positions going to relatives of …