Gaming represents a relatively easy source of taxation revenue. As a result gambling is taxed more highly than most other service or entertainment activities because the demand for wagering is relatively insensitive to its price and the excess burden of such taxes on recreational gamblers may...

In this paper, we address the administration issues associated with the most important border tax adjustments for export expansion. These relate to the refund of input tax credits under the VAT and the relief from customs duties on imported inputs used to produce exports. Such refunds in many...

The social or economic discount rate is the threshold rate used to calculate the net present value of an investment project, a program, or a regulatory intervention to see whether the proposed expenditures are economically worthwhile to undertake. The size of the economic rate of discount has...

Every project has certain phases in its development and implementation. The appraisal stage of the project cycle should provide information and analysis on a range of issues associated with the decision making of the project. First, the administrative feasibility of project implementation must...

This chapter discusses the alternative investment criteria commonly used in the appraisal of investment projects. The net present value (NPV) of a project criterion is widely accepted by accountants, financial analysts, and economists as the one that yields the correct project choices in all...

The financial analysis of a project helps determine the financial viability and sustainability of the project. Since the integrated project analysis begins with the financial analysis and then the economic analysis, the concepts and data ought to be organized in a consequential and consistent...

It is generally agreed that a project's net present value (NPV) is the most important criterion for the financial and the economic evaluation of a project from either the owner's or economic perspective. The NPV criterion requires that a project analyst recommend only projects with positive NPV....

In the financial cash flow analysis, a set of values for the project variables are selected to carry out the analysis for the base case that are projected over the life of the investment project. The values of these variables used in the analysis and the resulting outcomes from a predictive...

Non-tradable items are those which are not traded internationally. They include items such as services where the demander and producer must be in the same location, and commodities which have low value relative to either their weight or volume. In such cases the transportation charges prevent...

An investment project usually lasts for many years, hence its appraisal requires a comparison of the costs and benefits over its entire life. For acceptance, the present value of the project's expected benefits should exceed the present value of its expected costs. Among a set of mutually...