The issue of motherhood penalty, i.e., the number of children in a household negatively affects the mother's LFP but has no impact on the father's LFP, has been widely discussed in previous literature. However, most literature mainly discusses the motherhood penalty among nuclear families or...

The government’s anti-COVID efforts in the United States have been seen to reduce unnecessary social mobility, curb the spread of the virus, and lower COVID-related mortality; however, these impacts vary by state. In this paper, we aim to explain the heterogeneity in policy efficacy from an...

This paper utilizes the city-level variation in housing prices in the U.S. to test whether the effect of sibship size on firstborns' educational attainment is different for homeowner and renter households during the housing bust from 2007--12. To solve the potential endogeneity problem, we use...