This paper introduces a general, formal treatment of dynamic constraints, i.e., constraints on the state changes that are allowed in a given state space. Such dynamic constraints can be seen as representations of "real world" constraints in a managerial context. The notions of transition,...

This paper presents a theoretical model emphasising energy investments’characteristics of uncertainty and irreversibility. The theoretical modelsuggests threshold effects. Firms are induced to substitute away from energyonly if prices of energy exceed a certain threshold level and they reverse...

We estimate to which extent regulatory measures in the Dutch market have reduced the vulnerability of this market to constraints in the cross-border infrastructure with Germany, which is the largest Dutch neighbouring market. We measure this vulnerability by the degree the markets are...

We estimate the contribution of institutional changes in the Dutch and German gas markets to the integration of these markets. We measure this contribution through the impact of bottlenecks in the cross-border infrastructure on cross-border price differences. In the period 2007-2011, the...

We estimate to which extent regulatory measures in the Dutch market have reduced the vulnerability of this market to constraints in the cross-border infrastructure with Germany, which is the largest Dutch neighbouring market. We measure this vulnerability by the degree the markets are...