Non-cyanide alkaline bath was used to prepare copper thin films. Influences of various temperatures on deposition rates, surface morphologies and microstructures of films were investigated. Copper thin films prepared from non-cyanide alkaline bath show typical nodular structures. Copper films...

In the era characterized by global value chains, it is critical to measure the energy use redistributed across the world through global trade. This study quantifies world’s energy use of each country , decomposes the energy flows according to global value chains, and characterizes its...