Considering conflicts between shareholders and managers, we revisit the external pecking order of corporate financing under conditions of information asymmetry. With the possibility that debt financing may lead a firm to bankruptcy, we find first that the external pecking order could be...

Many recent studies have focused on the relationship between American Depository Receipts (ADRs) and their foreign underlying stocks, because of the price interaction and arbitrage opportunities provided by the dual listings. The cointegration and its corresponding error correction model...