The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruption in the sports industry and has raised the question of whether the football industry is based on a sustainable business model. Using data from the English Premier League (EPL), we develop an empirical model to achieve two objectives: First,...

This paper tests for the existence and consequences of customer-based racial discrimination in Europe’s five largest professional soccer leagues. Most of the previous studies focusing on European sports, as opposed to North American sports, either used wage models to identify discrimination of...

While most of the available literature on competitive balance analyzes its impact on ticket sales and TV audiences, little empirical research is available that analyzes the observable variation in competitive balance across leagues and over time. This paper studies the concentration of player...