unemployment. Underemployment constitutes another important adjustment channel, while the evidence for informal employment is more …

the unemployment rate, which until now has been the main approach in the empirical literature. …

This paper looks behind the standard, publicly available employment and unemployment statistics that studies of … estimates show that measured employment and unemployment rates are quite sensitive to definition, particularly in the treatment … much lower in Romania and slightly lower in Estonia, and alternative unemployment rates that are sharply higher in Romania …

to measure nonstandard, boundary forms and alternative definitions of employment and unemployment. Our calculations show … alternative unemployment rates that are sharply higher in Romania and moderately higher in Estonia and Russia. …