The ongoing unification which takes place on the European political scene, along with recentadvances in consumer mobility and communication technology, raises the question whether theEuropean Union can be treated as a single market to fully exploit the potential synergy effectsfrom pan-European...

We develop a bivariate spectral Granger-causality test that can be applied at eachindividual frequency of the spectrum. The spectral approach to Granger causality hasthe distinct advantage that it allows to disentangle (potentially) di®erent Granger-causality relationships over di®erent time...

For over forty years, Business Tendency Surveys have been collected in multiple member states of the European Union. Previous research has studied the predictive accuracy of the expectation variables included in those surveys through bivariate, within-country, Granger-causality tests, which has...