-, marketing- or transfer-costs, or –since these costs are usually difficult to quantify – to observe price differentialsover time … farmgate/consumer price spread: The processing and marketing margins increasedfor wheat and beef while they declined for grapes … producers and processors of berry fruits to reduce marketing andprocurement risk, respectively. This can be achieved by …

different stages of the production and marketing chain. Consequently, an approach for assessing the functioning of markets is to … compare price differentials with processing-, marketing- or transfer-costs, or â since these costs are usually difficult to … since 1991, finds a heterogeneous development of the farm gate/consumer price spread: The processing and marketing margins …